Gather all ingredients and measure them out in advance.
In a medium bowl, whisk together flour, baking powder, baking soda, and salt. In a large bowl, cream butter and sugar for 3-4 minutes until light and fluffy. Beat in egg, lemon juice, lemon zest, and vanilla extract. Gradually add dry ingredients and stir until just combined.
Scoop tablespoon-sized portions of dough and roll into balls. Place on a baking sheet, spacing them about 2 inches apart.
Preheat oven to 350°F. Bake cookies for 10-12 minutes until edges are lightly golden.
Allow cookies to cool on the baking sheet for 5 minutes, then transfer to a wire rack. Dust with powdered sugar before serving.